Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

tRNA Activation

tRNA Activation

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

RNASET2 degrades mRNAs that protect against lipotoxicity.

Molecular metabolism·2026

Same author

Extracellular vesicle-mediated release of bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate is regulated by LRRK2 and glucocerebrosidase activity.

eLife·2026

Same author

Convergent molecular pathways to inherited Parkinson's disease.

Current opinion in cell biology·2026

Same author

GPNMB, LRRK2, and lysosome exocytosis in Parkinson's.

Science advances·2025

Same author

Allosteric regulation of the Golgi-localized PPM1H phosphatase by Rab GTPases modulates LRRK2 substrate dephosphorylation in Parkinson's disease.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2025

Same author

Lysosomal glucocerebrosidase is needed for ciliary Hedgehog signaling: A convergent pathway contributing to Parkinson's disease.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Analysis of Protein Folding, Transport, and Degradation in Living Cells by Radioactive Pulse Chase

Analysis of Protein Folding, Transport, and Degradation in Living Cells by Radioactive Pulse Chase

Published on: February 12, 2019

Team effort by TRAPP forces a nucleotide fumble.

Ryan M Nottingham¹, Suzanne R Pfeffer

¹Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.

|July 1, 2008

Summary

The TRAPPI complex activates Ypt1p GTPase for vesicle transport. Structural and biochemical studies reveal TRAPPI

Area of Science:

Cell biology
Molecular biology
Structural biology

Background:

TRAPPI is a Golgi-localized complex essential for retrograde transport.
It activates the Ypt1p GTPase, a key regulator of vesicle trafficking.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the structural and mechanistic basis of TRAPPI-mediated Ypt1p activation.

Main Methods:

X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the TRAPPI-Ypt1p complex.
Biochemical assays to analyze guanine nucleotide exchange activity.

Main Results:

A unique structural interface between TRAPPI and Ypt1p was identified.
TRAPPI was shown to catalyze guanine nucleotide exchange on Ypt1p through a novel mechanism.

More Related Videos

Droplet Digital TRAP (ddTRAP): Adaptation of the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol to Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

Droplet Digital TRAP (ddTRAP): Adaptation of the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol to Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

Published on: May 3, 2019

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Published on: May 14, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Analysis of Protein Folding, Transport, and Degradation in Living Cells by Radioactive Pulse Chase

Analysis of Protein Folding, Transport, and Degradation in Living Cells by Radioactive Pulse Chase

Published on: February 12, 2019

Droplet Digital TRAP (ddTRAP): Adaptation of the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol to Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

Droplet Digital TRAP (ddTRAP): Adaptation of the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol to Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

Published on: May 3, 2019

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Published on: May 14, 2020

Conclusions:

The findings provide atomic-level insights into the regulation of Ypt1p by TRAPPI.
This work advances understanding of vesicle transport mechanisms at the Golgi.