Distinctive homing profile of pathogen-specific activated lymphocytes in human urinary tract infection

In contrast to other mucosal sites, information on migration/homing of lymphocytes activated in the human urinary tract is lacking. The expression of lymphocyte homing receptors (HR) on pathogen-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) originating from the urinary tract (patients with pyelonephritis, PN) was compared to that on antigen-specific ASC originating from the intestine (patients with gastroenteritis) or from a parenteral site (tetanus toxoid-immunized volunteers). In the PN group, 61% of ASC expressed the gut HR, alpha(4)beta(7,) 52% the peripheral lymph node HR, L-selectin, and 13% the skin HR, CLA. This homing profile of urinary tract-originating lymphocytes was found to differ from both of the two major vaccination routes, intestinal (less gut-targeting) or parenteral (more gut-targeting, less targeting to parenteral sites). This information on targeting of the immune response may prove useful when developing vaccines against urinary tract infection (UTI).