Body composition of low-birth-weight infants determined by using bioelectrical resistance and reactance

We tested the hypothesis that bioelectrical resistance and reactance are indices of total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW), respectively. Infants less than 2500 g in birth weight were studied while less than 24 h old and at 4-7 d of age. TBW (n = 32) was measured by H2(18)O dilution and ECW (n = 34), by bromide dilution. Measurements were made by using an impedance plethysmograph from each of four electrode pairs. Bioelectrical resistance correlated inversely with TBW (r = -0.683). When body weight and crown-heel length were factored into the equation, the correlation improved (r = 0.953). Bioelectrical reactance correlated inversely with ECW (r = -0.707). When body weight and surface area were factored into the equation the correlation improved (r = 0.882). We conclude that bioelectrical resistance and reactance are good indices of TBW and ECW, respectively. However, the ability to resolve small changes in body-water compartments when confined to the intraluminal or other third spaces remains questionable, particularly for single subjects.