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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer
10:22

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer

Published on: November 30, 2020

Self-oscillating polymer fueled by organic acid.

Yusuke Hara, Ryo Yoshida

    The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
    |July 1, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed a novel biomimetic polymer that self-oscillates when exposed to organic acids. This breakthrough integrates key Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction components into a polymer chain for controlled chemical oscillations.

    Area of Science:

    • Polymer Chemistry
    • Chemical Oscillations
    • Biomimetic Systems

    Background:

    • The Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction is a classic example of chemical oscillations.
    • Previous attempts to create self-oscillating systems often required complex setups or specific conditions.
    • Incorporating reaction components into a polymer offers a route to simplified and integrated oscillating systems.

    Discussion:

    • A novel quaternary copolymer was synthesized, incorporating pH-control and oxidant-supplying sites.
    • This polymer integrates most Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction substrates directly into its structure.
    • The system demonstrates self-oscillation specifically triggered by the addition of biorelated organic acids.

    Key Insights:

    • The synthesized polymer enables self-oscillation driven solely by biorelated organic acids.

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    Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
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    Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

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    Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer
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    Published on: November 30, 2020

    Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
    05:48

    Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

    Published on: November 21, 2017

    Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
    08:12

    Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

    Published on: December 16, 2022

  • This represents a significant advancement in creating responsive and autonomous biomimetic materials.
  • The polymer acts as a self-contained oscillating system, simplifying experimental requirements.

    • Outlook:

    • Potential applications in smart materials, sensors, and microfluidic devices.
    • Further research could explore tuning oscillation frequency and amplitude.
    • Investigating the use of different organic acids and reaction conditions for broader applicability.