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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
06:56

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Published on: March 19, 2015

Human H5N1 influenza: current insight into pathogenesis.

Tran Tan Thanh1, H Rogier van Doorn, Menno D de Jong

  • 1Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
|July 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) is endemic in poultry, causing sporadic human infections with high mortality. Early suppression of viral replication is crucial for managing H5N1 disease.

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
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Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Published on: March 19, 2015

Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses
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Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

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Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity
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Published on: November 22, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • H5N1 influenza viruses emerged as avian (1996) and zoonotic (1997) pathogens.
  • Endemic in Asian poultry, H5N1 outbreaks occur globally, including Africa and Europe.
  • Human transmission is sporadic, but H5N1 infection has a high mortality rate (63%).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biochemistry and cell biology of H5N1 pathogenesis.
  • To discuss potential treatment strategies for H5N1 influenza.
  • To highlight the importance of early viral replication suppression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of patient and laboratory data.
  • Analysis of viral replication efficiency.
  • Examination of host immune response in H5N1 pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Efficient viral replication and intense host immune response are key to H5N1 pathogenesis and fatality.
  • Human-to-human transmission of H5N1 remains rare.
  • Early suppression of viral replication is critical for H5N1 disease management.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding H5N1 pathogenesis is vital for effective treatment.
  • Targeting viral replication offers a promising therapeutic strategy.
  • Continued research into H5N1 biochemistry and cell biology is essential.