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Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive Dissonance

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the anxiety of...

The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic

The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic

In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the $2,000...

Social Traps

Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned more cows, the larger...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports how many data values are contained in either that class or any class to its left. Technically, it means the sum of frequencies of the class and all the classes below it in a frequency distribution. A cumulative frequency is calculated by adding the frequency of each class lower than the corresponding class interval or category. In general, a...

Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding

Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding

Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
Confounding can be addressed at both the design phase of a study and through analytical methods after data...

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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Signal Acquisition, Score Interpretation, and Economics of a Non-Invasive Point-of-Care Test for Coronary Artery Disease

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The cost conundrum.

¹Hospitals & Health Networks.

Trustee : the Journal for Hospital Governing Boards

|July 2, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Everyone discusses the high cost of healthcare, but solutions remain elusive. This study explores potential strategies to address rising healthcare expenses and improve accessibility for all.

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Signal Acquisition, Score Interpretation, and Economics of a Non-Invasive Point-of-Care Test for Coronary Artery Disease

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Published on: October 5, 2020

Area of Science:

Health Economics
Public Health Policy

Background:

The escalating cost of healthcare is a significant concern for individuals, businesses, and policymakers.
Despite widespread discussion, effective strategies to mitigate rising healthcare expenditures are not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the multifaceted drivers of high healthcare costs.
To identify and evaluate potential policy interventions and market-based solutions.

Main Methods:

Review of economic literature on healthcare spending.
Analysis of comparative healthcare systems.
Modeling of policy impacts on cost and access.

Main Results:

Identification of key cost-driving factors including administrative overhead, drug pricing, and utilization patterns.
Evaluation of various policy options, highlighting trade-offs between cost control, quality, and access.
Preliminary findings suggest a combination of regulatory and market-oriented reforms may be necessary.

Conclusions:

Addressing the high cost of healthcare requires a comprehensive approach.
Further research is needed to refine specific interventions and predict long-term outcomes.