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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Published on: July 7, 2023
Biological basis for the surgical treatment of depression
Aviva Abosch1, G Rees Cosgrove
1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. aabosch@umn.edu
Abstract:
An estimated 20% of patients with major depression are refractory to existing therapies. The purpose of this review is to provide a theoretical and neuroscientific framework in which to interpret new work in the field of surgical treatment for depression. This review focuses on existing clinical and imaging data, current disease models, and results of recent case reports and patient series that together may inform the construction of appropriate clinical trials for the surgical treatment of refractory depression.
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