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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Thyroid-stimulating hormone pituitary adenomas.

Michelle J Clarke1, Dana Erickson, M Regina Castro

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55906, USA. Clarke.michelle@mayo.edu

Journal of Neurosurgery
|July 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas are rare and often diagnosed late. Management requires a multidisciplinary team approach for optimal outcomes in these complex cases.

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas are rare, accounting for less than 2% of all pituitary tumors.
  • These tumors can present with hyperthyroidism or as clinically silent lesions with TSH-immunostaining.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the clinical, pathological, and surgical characteristics of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas.
  • To evaluate treatment outcomes and identify factors influencing patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 21 patients with TSH-secreting or TSH-immunostaining pituitary tumors between 1987 and 2003.
  • Review of clinical, imaging, pathological, and surgical data.
  • Assessment of remission rates and hormone replacement needs post-treatment.

Main Results:

  • 16 of 21 patients had macroadenomas; 10 presented with hyperthyroidism, and 7 had prior thyroid ablative procedures.
  • 50% remission rate after initial transsphenoidal surgery; 7 patients required further treatment including surgery or radiation.
  • Tumors were frequently plurihormonal; 61% required thyroid hormone replacement, and 24% needed additional pituitary hormone replacement.

Conclusions:

  • TSH-secreting pituitary lesions are often diagnosed late and are frequently macroadenomas with complex pathological features.
  • These tumors present a heterogeneous clinical picture and pose treatment challenges.
  • An experienced multidisciplinary team approach is crucial for optimizing management and outcomes.