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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

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In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
07:46

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

A rush to judgment on Th17.

Lawrence Steinman1

  • 1Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and the Interdepartmental Program in Immunology, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. steinman@stanford.edu

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|July 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

T helper 17 (Th17) cells were thought to cause tissue damage, but new research shows Th1 and Th17 cells independently cause autoimmune disease. This finding requires re-evaluating the central role of Th17 cells in pathology.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • T helper 17 (Th17) cells have been implicated as key drivers of tissue damage in various pathological conditions.
  • Previous research suggested Th17 cells are the primary mediators of autoimmune diseases.

Discussion:

  • This study challenges the established view by demonstrating that both T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells can independently induce disease.
  • The findings were validated in two established models of autoimmunity, providing robust evidence for distinct pathogenic roles.

Key Insights:

  • Th1 and Th17 cells possess independent capabilities to initiate and drive autoimmune pathology.
  • The central role of Th17 cytokines in mediating pathological tissue damage needs further clarification and re-evaluation.

Outlook:

  • Future research should focus on dissecting the specific contributions of Th1 and Th17 cells in different autoimmune contexts.
  • Understanding these independent pathways could lead to more targeted immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases.