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Related Concept Videos

Induced Electric Fields01:23

Induced Electric Fields

The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...
Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
Induced Electric Fields: Applications01:27

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An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
Region of Convergence of Laplace Tarnsform01:20

Region of Convergence of Laplace Tarnsform

The Region of Convergence (ROC) is a fundamental concept in signal processing and system analysis, particularly associated with the Laplace transform. The ROC represents an area in the complex plane where the Laplace transform of a given signal converges, determining the transform's applicability and utility.
Consider a decaying exponential signal that begins at a specific time. When deriving its Laplace transform, the time-domain variable is replaced with a complex variable. This substitution...
Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field01:26

Divergence and Curl of Magnetic Field

The magnetic field due to a volume current distribution given by the Biot–Savart Law can be expressed as follows:

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Sectioning Mammary Gland Whole Mounts for Lesion Identification
09:22

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Published on: July 24, 2017

Lobular involution: localized phenomenon or field effect?

Robert A Vierkant1, Lynn C Hartmann, V Shane Pankratz

  • 1Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, USA.

Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
|July 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lobular involution, a natural aging process in breast tissue, appears to be uniform across the entire breast. This homogeneity supports using single biopsy involution measures for breast cancer risk assessment.

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Area of Science:

  • Breast Cancer Research
  • Pathology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Lobular involution is a normal aging process in female breast tissue.
  • Progressive involution near benign breast disease correlates with reduced breast cancer risk.
  • The variability of involution across the entire breast remains uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if lobular involution is uniform or variable across all four quadrants of the breast.
  • To assess the intra-woman concordance of involution extent within the breast.

Main Methods:

  • Fifteen women undergoing bilateral prophylactic mastectomy provided breast tissue samples.
  • A single pathologist graded involution extent (none, mild, moderate, complete) in all eight breast quadrants.
  • Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), kappa coefficients, and pairwise comparisons evaluated concordance.

Main Results:

  • Strong intra-woman concordance of lobular involution was observed across the eight breast quadrants (ICC = 0.75).
  • This indicates a homogeneous involution process within individual women's breasts.

Conclusions:

  • Lobular involution is a homogeneous process within the breast.
  • Measures of involution from a single benign biopsy can reliably represent the entire breast.
  • This supports the integration of involution assessment into breast cancer risk prediction models.