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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
10:03

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Managing type 2 diabetes: going beyond glycemic control.

Mark W Stolar1, Byron J Hoogwerf, Stephen M Gorshow

  • 1Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. markstolar@ nwinternist.com

Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy : JMCP
|August 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Aggressive management of type 2 diabetes is crucial for preventing complications and reducing healthcare costs. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) offer unique benefits by addressing multiple underlying defects, but require careful monitoring for potential side effects.

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

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Last Updated: Jul 4, 2026

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
10:03

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes is a growing public health concern, particularly in younger populations.
  • Suboptimal achievement of American Diabetes Association (ADA) treatment goals (A1C, cholesterol, blood pressure) persists despite awareness of associated risks.
  • Four key defects contribute to type 2 diabetes: insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, increased hepatic glucose production, and reduced glucagon-like peptide-1 levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advantages and disadvantages of various glucose-lowering agents for type 2 diabetes.
  • To emphasize the specific role and mechanisms of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in diabetes management.
  • To inform clinical decision-making regarding optimal medication selection for achieving glycemic and nonglycemic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on glucose-lowering agents.
  • Analysis of the physiological mechanisms targeted by different drug classes, including TZDs.
  • Evaluation of clinical data regarding efficacy, safety, and side effect profiles of medications.

Main Results:

  • Metformin is recommended for initial therapy; TZDs, sulfonylureas, and insulin are effective add-on options.
  • TZDs address three core defects of type 2 diabetes (insulin resistance, decreased insulin secretion, increased hepatic glucose production) at the adipocyte.
  • TZDs may preserve beta-cell function and sustain A1C reduction (0.5%-1.5%), with rare hypoglycemia but potential for weight gain and heart failure exacerbation.
  • Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone carry black box warnings for heart failure risk; potential links to ischemic events and reduced bone density exist.
  • Pioglitazone may offer vasculoprotective benefits, though macrovascular outcome data are pending.

Conclusions:

  • Attaining both glycemic and nonglycemic targets is vital for preventing long-term diabetes complications and reducing healthcare costs.
  • Close patient monitoring and individualized therapy adjustments are essential for achieving and maintaining treatment goals.
  • Most patients require more than lifestyle modifications or monotherapy for adequate diabetes control; considering both glycemic and nonglycemic effects of agents is crucial for optimal selection.