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Related Concept Videos

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops01:07

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops

Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output signals to their inputs.
Negative feedback loops
Most signaling systems have negative feedback loops that can perform different functions such as output limiter, and adaptation.
Output limiter
Upon receiving an input signal, the cellular response rapidly increases until a threshold is reached. Beyond this threshold, a negative feedback loop...
Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
Root Loci for Positive-Feedback Systems01:23

Root Loci for Positive-Feedback Systems

The Hartley oscillator is a positive feedback system that sustains oscillations by feeding the output back to the input in phase, thereby reinforcing the signal. Positive feedback systems can be viewed as negative feedback systems with inverted feedback signals. In these systems, the root locus encompasses all points on the s-plane where the angle of the system transfer function equals 360 degrees.
The construction rules for the root locus in positive feedback systems are similar to those in...
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Negative and Positive Feedback01:18

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Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:

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Reliably Engineering and Controlling Stable Optogenetic Gene Circuits in Mammalian Cells
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Published on: July 6, 2021

Robust, tunable biological oscillations from interlinked positive and negative feedback loops.

Tony Yu-Chen Tsai1, Yoon Sup Choi, Wenzhe Ma

  • 1Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Biological oscillators with both positive and negative feedback loops offer tunable frequencies and stable amplitudes. This design is more robust and easier to evolve than simple negative feedback systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Systems Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Gene and protein interactions can create sustained biological oscillations.
  • Many biological oscillators incorporate both negative and positive feedback loops, but the advantages are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional advantages of positive-plus-negative feedback loops in biological oscillators compared to negative feedback alone.
  • To understand how these feedback structures influence oscillation frequency and amplitude.
  • To explore the robustness and evolutionary aspects of different oscillator designs.

Main Methods:

  • Computational modeling and simulation of genetic or protein interaction networks.
  • Analysis of oscillation frequency and amplitude under varying parameter conditions.
  • Comparison of the tunability, robustness, and evolutionary potential of negative feedback versus positive-plus-negative feedback oscillator models.

Main Results:

  • Negative feedback oscillators show limited ability to adjust frequency without affecting amplitude.
  • Positive-plus-negative feedback oscillators allow for wide tunability of frequency with near-constant amplitude.
  • These dual-feedback systems demonstrate increased robustness and ease of evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Positive-plus-negative feedback loops provide significant advantages for biological rhythms requiring adjustable frequencies, such as cell cycles and heartbeats.
  • The enhanced tunability and robustness of these systems explain their prevalence in biological systems.
  • This design offers a more adaptable and evolvable mechanism for generating biological oscillations.