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Phytopathogen lures its insect vector by altering host plant odor.

Christoph J Mayer1, Andreas Vilcinskas, Jürgen Gross

  • 1Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, 35392, Germany.

Journal of Chemical Ecology
|July 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Plant pathogens like Candidatus Phytoplasma mali alter apple tree odors to attract their insect vectors, the Cacopsylla picta psyllid. This interaction aids pathogen spread and agricultural yield loss.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Pathology
  • Entomology
  • Chemical Ecology

Background:

  • Phytopathogens cause significant agricultural losses globally, often transmitted by insect vectors.
  • Understanding phytopathogen-host plant-vector interactions is crucial for disease management.
  • Candidatus Phytoplasma mali is a cell wall-lacking bacterium affecting apple trees.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Candidatus Phytoplasma mali affects apple plant odor.
  • To determine the impact of altered plant volatiles on the behavior of its vector, Cacopsylla picta.
  • To elucidate the role of plant volatile modification in facilitating pathogen transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) to analyze apple volatile emissions.
  • Olfactometer experiments to assess psyllid attraction to volatiles from infected and uninfected apple plants.
  • Monitoring psyllid infection status and development on infected/uninfected plants.

Main Results:

  • Apple trees infected with Candidatus Phytoplasma mali exhibited increased emission of beta-caryophyllene.
  • Both uninfected and infected Cacopsylla picta psyllids showed greater attraction to volatiles from infected apple plants.
  • Psyllids that developed on infected plants without becoming infected displayed a reduced attraction to infected plant volatiles.

Conclusions:

  • Candidatus Phytoplasma mali manipulates host plant (apple) volatile profiles, specifically increasing beta-caryophyllene.
  • The altered odorant profile serves to attract the insect vector, Cacopsylla picta, to infected plants.
  • This olfactory manipulation by the phytopathogen likely enhances vector contact and subsequent pathogen transmission, contributing to disease spread.