Distinguishing expected negative outcomes from preparatory control in the human orbitofrontal cortex.
Stefan Ursu1, Kristi A Clark, V Andrew Stenger
1Department of Psychiatry, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. stefan.ursu@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
Brain Research
|July 8, 2008
Summary
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents anticipated outcomes, particularly negative ones, but doesn't control behavior. Lateral OFC activity specifically tracks negative outcome value, supporting its role in affective impact representation.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Cognitive Neuroscience
- Neuroimaging
Background:
- The human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucial for adapting behavior based on expected outcomes.
- Specific OFC subdivisions' roles in anticipating negative outcomes and their link to behavioral control remain unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the engagement of OFC subdivisions when anticipating negative outcomes.
- To determine the extent to which these areas are involved in preparatory active control of behavior.
Main Methods:
- Two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies were conducted.
- Monetary incentives and demands for cognitive control preparation were independently manipulated.
- Lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and OFC activity were analyzed in response to varying conditions.
Main Results:
- Preparation for performance engaged lateral PFC with high incentives and increased task demands.
- OFC areas, particularly around the lateral orbital sulcus, showed maximal response to negatively perceived prospects.
- This OFC response occurred even with decreased preparatory cognitive control.
Conclusions:
- The OFC represents the value of anticipated outcomes but does not implement active control for outcome pursuit or avoidance.
- The lateral OFC is specifically involved in representing the affective impact of anticipated negative outcomes.
- Findings support theoretical models of OFC function in behavioral regulation.
