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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Halo Effect01:27

Halo Effect

The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an individual's overall impression influences judgments about their specific traits. This psychological phenomenon leads people to associate positive characteristics with those they perceive as generally good and negative characteristics with those they view as bad. This effect is particularly influential in social perception, professional evaluations, and decision-making processes.The Psychological Basis of the Halo EffectThe halo effect is rooted...
Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus: Comparing...
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

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Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats
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Examining recognition criterion rigidity during testing using a biased-feedback technique: evidence for adaptive

Sanghoon Han1, Ian G Dobbins

  • 1Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0086, USA. sanghoon.han@duke.edu

Memory & Cognition
|July 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Decision criteria in memory recognition are surprisingly flexible. Novel biased feedback, even when unnoticed, can significantly shift these criteria during testing, challenging previous assumptions about their stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Decision Making

Background:

  • Recognition models typically assume fixed decision criteria for memory evidence.
  • Existing research suggests criteria are resistant to change after testing begins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the sensitivity of recognition decision criteria to local feedback.
  • To explore if implicit feedback can alter criteria without explicit awareness.

Main Methods:

  • A novel biased-feedback technique was employed to subtly encourage specific errors.
  • Experiments involved presenting stimuli and providing feedback on responses.
  • Participants' awareness of the feedback manipulation was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Correct feedback alone had minimal impact on criterion placement.
  • Biased feedback led to significant, lasting, and adaptive shifts in decision criteria.
  • In one experiment, participants remained unaware of the feedback manipulation.

Conclusions:

  • Recognition criteria are highly modifiable during testing via feedback learning.
  • This feedback learning appears independent of stimulus features and observer awareness.
  • The mechanism differs from criterion shifts induced by explicit instructions or stimulus-specific feedback.