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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

Papillomaviruses--to vaccination and beyond.

H zur Hausen1

  • 1Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. zurhausen@dkfz-heidelberg.de

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
|July 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are key causes of cervical cancer. Other high-risk HPV types show geographic variations and contribute to various anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Virology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 were identified in the early 1980s.
  • HPV 16 and 18 are the most prevalent types in cervical cancer, accounting for over 70% of cases.
  • Geographic variations in high-risk HPV prevalence, such as HPV 45 in Africa and HPV 52/58 in East Asia, have been observed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of high-risk HPV types in cervical cancer.
  • To discuss the involvement of HPV in other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers.
  • To explore geographic variations in HPV prevalence and discuss mechanistic aspects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular and epidemiological studies.
  • Analysis of HPV DNA identification and prevalence data.

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  • Discussion of mechanistic aspects of HPV carcinogenesis.

    • Main Results:

    • HPV 16 and 18 are the primary causative agents of cervical cancer.
    • High-risk HPV types are implicated in other anogenital cancers and 25-30% of oropharyngeal carcinomas.
    • Significant geographic variations exist in the prevalence of specific high-risk HPV types.

    Conclusions:

    • High-risk HPV types are definitively linked to cervical cancer development.
    • HPV's role extends beyond cervical cancer to other malignancies.
    • Understanding geographic variations is crucial for targeted prevention and control strategies.