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Related Concept Videos

Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs01:28

Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), including Desipramine (Norpramin), Imipramine (Tofranil), Clomipramine (Anafranil), and Amitriptyline (Elavil), inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and also block other receptors. They are used for depression, pain conditions, and insomnia. Common adverse effects include anticholinergic effects, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and weight gain. They have a narrow therapeutic window and so require plasma-level monitoring. Abrupt discontinuation can...
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Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

Aminoglycosides constitute a highly potent class of bactericidal antibiotics that exert their antimicrobial effects by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically disrupting protein synthesis. These polycationic molecules consist of amino-modified sugars linked via glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol core such as 2-deoxystreptamine or streptamine. Their strong positive charges facilitate tight binding to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), primarily at the 16S...
Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents01:21

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
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Bacterial pathogens depend on precise and efficient DNA replication to sustain infection. Two type II topoisomerases—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—are critical to this process, as they resolve DNA supercoiling and unlink chromosomes during replication. Fluoroquinolones, synthetic derivatives of quinolones, exploit this mechanism by stabilizing the transient DNA–enzyme cleavage complex, preventing strand religation, and causing lethal double-strand breaks. These antibiotics are selectively...
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Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Influence of Elimination Half-Life on Effect Duration01:23

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Influence of Elimination Half-Life on Effect Duration

Drug elimination from the body primarily occurs through metabolic and excretion pathways. Hepatic metabolism transforms lipophilic drugs into hydrophilic forms for excretion, typically via enzymatic processes classified as phase I (modification) and phase II (conjugation). Renal excretion eliminates drugs and metabolites through filtration and secretion in the kidneys. Impairment in liver or kidney function can hinder these processes, delaying drug clearance and extending the drug’s half-life.

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Tetracyclines-extending the atypical spectrum.

G Gialdroni Grassi1

  • 1Department of Chemotherapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
|November 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary

Tetracyclines remain valuable for specific infections like Lyme disease and those caused by chlamydia and rickettsia. Recent findings suggest their utility may be expanding due to lower resistance rates in some respiratory pathogens.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Tetracyclines are a class of antibiotics with a historical role in treating bacterial infections.
  • Their usage has declined with the advent of newer, better-tolerated antibiotics.
  • Understanding their current applications and resistance patterns is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status, mechanism of action, and resistance of tetracyclines.
  • To identify the specific infections where tetracyclines remain a viable treatment option.
  • To report recent findings on tetracycline efficacy and bacterial resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of tetracycline properties, usage, and resistance.
  • Analysis of recent studies on antibiotic efficacy and bacterial susceptibility.

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  • Synthesis of information on clinical applications and emerging resistance trends.

    • Main Results:

    • Tetracyclines are still indicated for chlamydial, rickettsial infections, brucellosis, and Lyme disease.
    • Their use in respiratory infections is being reconsidered due to potentially lower resistance rates in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.
    • Decreased use is primarily attributed to the availability of alternative antibiotics with improved tolerability and activity.

    Conclusions:

    • Tetracyclines retain a significant role in treating specific niche infections.
    • Emerging data on resistance patterns may broaden their application in certain respiratory conditions.
    • The judicious use of tetracyclines is supported by their established efficacy and evolving resistance landscape.