Conformational change detection in nonmetal proteins by direct electrochemical oxidation using diamond electrodes

In this report, we established a new electrochemical method for the detection of conformational changes in large, non-metalloproteins such as bovine serum albumin, using flow injection analysis coupled with hydrogen-terminated, boron-doped diamond electrodes. The oxidation current was used as a signal reporter in the monitoring of urea-induced BSA denaturation. In the denatured state at high urea concentrations, the electrochemical signal increased, and the amperometric responses for the oxidation potential at 1300 mV were consistent with the results of conventional methods of denaturation monitoring using fluorescence spectroscopy. The oxidation involved at least five redox-active species (cysteine, tryptophan, tyrosine, methionine, and disulfide bonds). Furthermore, the method also showed high sensitivity for quantitative analysis of protein. A linear dynamic in the concentration range 50-400 microg/mL (r(2) = 0.977) with a lower detection limit of 190 ng/mL was achieved for BSA. Direct electrochemical detection of conformation changes of proteins using BDD electrodes can be performed with advantages in terms of simplicity and sensitivity.