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Ribozymes

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...

Ribozymes

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...

Restriction Enzymes

Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

DNAzyme 10-23 - Based Nanomachines for Nucleic Acid Recognition

DNAzyme 10-23 - Based Nanomachines for Nucleic Acid Recognition

Published on: February 9, 2024

Catalytic DNAzymes: derivations and functions.

Weihua Pan¹, Gary A Clawson

¹Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

|July 11, 2008

Summary

DNA enzymes (CDzs), developed through in vitro selection, show limited clinical potential but significant promise in biosensors and nanotechnology applications.

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Synthetic Biology

Background:

Catalytic RNA enzymes (CRzs) occur naturally.
DNA enzymes (CDzs) are artificially evolved from random sequences.
CDzs offer a DNA-based catalytic system.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the in vitro selection methods for CDzs.
To outline the properties and functions of CDzs.
To discuss the future utility of CDzs.

Main Methods:

Focus on 'direct' selection strategies for CDzs.
Exploration of CDzs in biological applications, such as mRNA downregulation.
Investigation of CDzs in biosensor and nanotechnology applications.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

DNAzyme 10-23 - Based Nanomachines for Nucleic Acid Recognition

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Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

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Main Results:

CDzs have been applied to downregulate target mRNAs.
Emerging applications utilize CDzs in biosensors and nanotechnology.
Antisense oligonucleotides and siRNAs have largely replaced CDzs in gene regulation.

Conclusions:

Clinical utility of CDzs as nucleic acid medicines is unlikely.
CDzs are largely supplanted by antisense oligonucleotides and siRNAs for gene regulation.
CDzs show significant potential in sensor and nanotechnology fields.