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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
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NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

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Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

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Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
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UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

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In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...
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IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

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When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores
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Quadrupole transitions revealed by Borrmann spectroscopy.

Robert F Pettifer1, Stephen P Collins, David Laundy

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.

Nature
|July 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The Borrmann effect enhances weaker electric quadrupole absorption transitions, enabling a new atomic spectroscopy technique. This discovery offers significant applications in materials science and optics.

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Atomic Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The Borrmann effect, an increase in X-ray transparency in perfect crystals, is traditionally explained by electric field nodes at crystal planes minimizing absorption.
  • Understanding X-ray absorption spectra, particularly pre-edge features, is crucial for determining atomic environment, valence, and symmetry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally demonstrate that suppressed absorption conditions in the Borrmann effect enhance electric quadrupole transitions.
  • To establish the Borrmann effect as a novel atomic spectroscopy technique for identifying quadrupole absorption features.
  • To investigate the application of this technique to gadolinium in gadolinium gallium garnet.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Borrmann effect to create conditions of suppressed absorption for X-ray beams diffracting through a perfect crystal.

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  • Analyzing the resulting X-ray absorption spectra to identify enhanced quadrupole transitions.
  • Examining gadolinium L(1), L(2), and L(3) absorption edges in gadolinium gallium garnet.

    • Main Results:

    • Experimentally confirmed enhancement of weaker electric quadrupole absorption transitions under Borrmann effect conditions.
    • Observed distinct structures at gadolinium's L(1), L(2), and L(3) absorption edges, attributed to quadrupole transitions.
    • Demonstrated the potential of Borrmann spectroscopy for isolating specific electronic states and providing insights into magnetism.

    Conclusions:

    • The Borrmann effect can significantly enhance quadrupole absorption, establishing a new atomic spectroscopy method.
    • This technique provides a powerful tool for interpreting pre-edge spectra and understanding electronic properties of materials.
    • The findings have implications for resonant X-ray diffraction, inelastic X-ray scattering, and modern optics.