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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Injury II: Classification01:21

Cellular Injury II: Classification

Cellular injury is any process that disrupts a cell’s ability to maintain homeostasis, leading to structural or functional changes. It is broadly classified based on etiology (cause) and mechanism of damage.Classification by EtiologyCellular injury may result from several causes. Hypoxic injury happens due to reduced oxygen delivery, most commonly from inadequate blood supply, such as arterial obstruction; for example, coronary artery thrombosis can cause myocardial infarction. Chemical injury...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Cellular Injury I: Introduction01:00

Cellular Injury I: Introduction

Cellular injury occurs when a cell cannot maintain homeostasis or adapt to stressors such as hypoxia, toxins, or trauma. Depending on severity and duration, injury may be reversible, allowing recovery, or irreversible, leading to cell death.General Mechanisms of Cell InjuryAlthough causes vary, most cellular injuries arise from a few key mechanisms that disrupt essential functions and often amplify one another. Cell survival depends on the extent and balance of these disturbances.ATP depletion...
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death01:11

Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death

Cell death is the irreversible loss of cellular structure and function, representing the final stage of severe injury. It plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease.Types of Cell DeathThe two main types are necrosis and apoptosis, though others like necroptosis and pyroptosis also exist.Necrosis:Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death caused by severe injury such as trauma, toxins, or ischemia. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane loss, rupture, and leakage of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

Infection at the cellular level.

Christian Goosmann1, Ulrike Abu Abed, Volker Brinkmann

  • 1Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.

Methods in Cell Biology
|July 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding microorganism-host interactions requires detailed infection process analysis. This chapter details transmission and scanning electron microscopy techniques for researchers new to the field.

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Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
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Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen
07:15

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Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes
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Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Published on: September 19, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Microscopy

Background:

  • Investigating the intricate relationship between microorganisms and host cells is crucial in microbiology and cell biology.
  • Understanding the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions at a structural level is essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of standard techniques for fine structural analysis of microbial infection processes.
  • To guide researchers, particularly those new to the field, in applying electron microscopy methods.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed explanation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for ultrastructural examination.
  • Guidance on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology analysis of infected cells.

Main Results:

  • The chapter equips readers with practical knowledge of established electron microscopy protocols.
  • It highlights the utility of both TEM and SEM in visualizing microbial invasion and host cell responses.

Conclusions:

  • Mastery of transmission and scanning electron microscopy is vital for detailed infection process studies.
  • These techniques offer invaluable insights into microorganism-host cell dynamics, aiding future research and development.