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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field
08:46

Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field

Published on: August 2, 2011

A global perspective on avian influenza.

Adrian Ong1, Mary Kindhauser, Ian Smith

  • 1World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. onga@who.int

Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore
|July 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Global public health security requires cooperation to address the H5N1 avian influenza threat. Enhanced pandemic preparedness involves international collaboration and strengthening national health systems for lasting benefits.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Global Health Security

Background:

  • The H5N1 avian influenza presents a significant threat of a global pandemic.
  • International Health Regulations (2005) guide current pandemic preparedness efforts.
  • Equitable sharing of resources and support for developing countries is a key international initiative.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the opportunity for pandemic preparation presented by the H5N1 threat.
  • To emphasize the importance of international cooperation and equitable resource allocation.
  • To advocate for integrated and whole-of-society approaches to pandemic preparedness.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of current global efforts under the International Health Regulations (2005).
  • Review of international initiatives for resource sharing and support.

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Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

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  • Assessment of the need for integrated national emergency preparedness frameworks.
  • Emphasis on intersectoral cooperation and a whole-of-society approach.

    • Main Results:

    • The H5N1 avian influenza poses a substantial pandemic risk.
    • International cooperation and information sharing are crucial for pandemic preparedness.
    • Strengthening basic health capacities and national emergency frameworks is essential.
    • A whole-of-society approach, including intersectoral cooperation, is recommended.

    Conclusions:

    • Pandemic preparedness requires collective action and mutual responsibility.
    • Sustainable preparedness involves integrating efforts within national frameworks and strengthening health systems.
    • Investments in capacity building offer enduring health benefits.
    • Addressing influenza threats necessitates broad collaboration beyond the health sector.