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Related Concept Videos

Solubility03:00

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...
Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ ≥ 15); an...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH

Drug absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex process influenced by several critical factors, including the site pH, the drug's dissociation constant (pKa), and the drug's lipophilicity. The GI tract exhibits a pH gradient, with an acidic environment in the stomach and a more alkaline environment in the small intestine. This pH variation directly affects the ionization state of drugs.
A drug's pKa and the pH of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract play crucial roles in drug...
Physical Properties Affecting Solubility02:19

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
Solubility Equilibria: Overview01:09

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Organic Solvent-Based Protein Precipitation for Robust Proteome Purification Ahead of Mass Spectrometry
11:12

Organic Solvent-Based Protein Precipitation for Robust Proteome Purification Ahead of Mass Spectrometry

Published on: February 7, 2022

On protein solubility in organic solvent.

J T Chin1, S L Wheeler, A M Klibanov

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering
|June 5, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Protein solubility in non-aqueous solvents depends on solvent properties and pH. Lysozyme solubility increased when pH moved away from its isoelectric point, with protic, hydrophilic, and polar solvents showing good dissolution.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Protein Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding protein solubility in non-aqueous solvents is crucial for applications in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals.
  • Hen egg-white lysozyme serves as a model protein for investigating protein behavior in various solvent systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solubility of hen egg-white lysozyme in a diverse range of neat non-aqueous solvents and their binary mixtures.
  • To explore the correlation between lysozyme solubility and solvent properties such as dielectric constant, Hildebrand solubility parameter, and dipole moment.
  • To assess the impact of pH adjustment prior to lyophilization on lysozyme solubility in non-aqueous media.

Main Methods:

  • Solubility testing of lyophilized hen egg-white lysozyme in various neat non-aqueous solvents and binary solvent mixtures.

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Solubility of Hydrophobic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Using Combinations of Self-assembling Peptide and Amino Acid
05:08

Solubility of Hydrophobic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Using Combinations of Self-assembling Peptide and Amino Acid

Published on: September 20, 2017

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles
10:12

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Published on: January 7, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Organic Solvent-Based Protein Precipitation for Robust Proteome Purification Ahead of Mass Spectrometry
11:12

Organic Solvent-Based Protein Precipitation for Robust Proteome Purification Ahead of Mass Spectrometry

Published on: February 7, 2022

Solubility of Hydrophobic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Using Combinations of Self-assembling Peptide and Amino Acid
05:08

Solubility of Hydrophobic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Using Combinations of Self-assembling Peptide and Amino Acid

Published on: September 20, 2017

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles
10:12

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Published on: January 7, 2019

  • Measurement of lysozyme solubility in mg/mL across different solvent compositions.
  • Analysis of correlations between solubility data and physicochemical properties of the solvents (dielectric constant, Hildebrand solubility parameter, dipole moment).
  • Investigation of precipitation and supersaturation phenomena using co-solvents.
  • Evaluation of the effect of pre-lyophilization pH on subsequent solubility.

    • Main Results:

    • Protic, very hydrophilic, and polar solvents readily dissolved lysozyme (>10 mg/mL).
    • Marginal correlation was observed between lysozyme solubility and solvent dielectric constant or Hildebrand solubility parameter; no correlation with dipole moment.
    • Lysozyme solubility significantly increased when the pre-lyophilization pH was moved away from the protein's isoelectric point.
    • Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions of lysozyme could be precipitated with non-dissolving co-solvents, though supersaturation occurred.

    Conclusions:

    • Lysozyme solubility in non-aqueous solvents is primarily governed by solvent polarity and protic nature, rather than dielectric constant, solubility parameter, or dipole moment alone.
    • Adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution prior to lyophilization is a key factor in enhancing lysozyme solubility in non-aqueous solvents.
    • The findings provide insights into protein behavior in non-aqueous environments, relevant for protein formulation and processing.