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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

The fulcrum axis: a new method for determining glenoid version.

Volker Braunstein¹, Markus Korner, Ulrich Brunner

¹Department of Traumatology and Orthopedic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Muenchen, Germany. volker.braunstein@aofoundation.org

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery

|July 16, 2008

Summary

A new method uses surface landmarks to measure glenoid version, crucial for shoulder arthroplasty planning. This "fulcrum axis" provides an external reference for accurate glenoid version assessment.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Anatomy
Radiology

Background:

Current methods for evaluating glenoid version lack external body landmarks.
This limits the ability to assess glenoid version non-invasively.
Accurate glenoid version is critical for successful total shoulder arthroplasty.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and validate a novel method for determining glenoid version using external body landmarks.
To establish the reliability of the "fulcrum axis" for glenoid version assessment.
To explore the utility of the fulcrum axis in preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance for shoulder arthroplasty.

Main Methods:

Utilized an experimental X-ray technique on 143 human cadaver scapulae.
Identified two external landmarks: the tip of the coracoid and the posterolateral corner of the acromion.
Defined the "fulcrum axis" as the line connecting these two landmarks.
Five independent observers measured the angle between the fulcrum axis and the glenoid fossa twice.

Main Results:

The mean angle between the fulcrum axis and the glenoid fossa was 1.8 degrees (SD 4.5).
Demonstrated a strong correlation between the fulcrum axis and the glenoid fossa plane.
Confirmed the feasibility of identifying landmarks and measuring the angle consistently.

Conclusions:

The fulcrum axis serves as a reliable external landmark for assessing glenoid version.
This method offers a valuable tool for preoperative planning in total shoulder arthroplasty.
The fulcrum axis can aid in intraoperative positioning and obtaining true anteroposterior X-rays.