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Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

Stress-Strain Diagram

Stress-Strain Diagram

A stress-strain diagram is a crucial tool that graphically displays a material's mechanical characteristics. This diagram is derived from a tensile test performed on a carefully prepared cylindrical specimen. The specimen has two gauge marks inscribed on its central part, and the distance between these marks is known as the gauge length. The cylindrical specimen is placed in a testing machine, which applies an increasing centric load. As this load grows, so does the gauge length. This change in...

Shearing Strain

Shearing Strain

The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...

Measurements of Strain

Measurements of Strain

Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain gauge...

Strain Energy

Strain Energy

Strain energy is a fundamental concept in the field of materials science and structural engineering, describing the energy absorbed by a material or structure when it is deformed under load.
Consider a rod that is fixed at one end and subjected to an axial force at the free end. This axial force induces stress within the rod, leading to its elongation. As the axial force increases, so does the elongation of the rod, illustrating a direct relationship between the force applied and the resulting...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Quantification of Strain in a Porcine Model of Skin Expansion Using Multi-View Stereo and Isogeometric Kinematics

Quantification of Strain in a Porcine Model of Skin Expansion Using Multi-View Stereo and Isogeometric Kinematics

Published on: April 16, 2017

Relating osteon diameter to strain.

René F M van Oers¹, Ronald Ruimerman, Bert van Rietbergen

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. r.f.m.v.oers@tue.nl

|July 16, 2008

Summary

Higher mechanical strain in bone leads to smaller osteon diameter, a finding supported by a novel computational model. This model also explains unique osteon formations like double-ended and drifting osteons.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Quantification of Strain in a Porcine Model of Skin Expansion Using Multi-View Stereo and Isogeometric Kinematics

Quantification of Strain in a Porcine Model of Skin Expansion Using Multi-View Stereo and Isogeometric Kinematics

Published on: April 16, 2017

Using Digital Image Correlation to Characterize Local Strains on Vascular Tissue Specimens

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Published on: January 24, 2016

A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology

A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology

Published on: June 3, 2014

Area of Science:

Bone biology
Biomechanics
Computational modeling

Background:

Osteon diameter correlates inversely with regional bone strain.
The precise mechanism linking strain to osteon diameter remains undetermined.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and validate a mechanism where strain-induced osteocyte signals modulate osteoclastic resorption.
To investigate the model's ability to predict osteon diameter and morphology under varying loads.

Main Methods:

Development of a computational model simulating osteocyte signaling and bone remodeling.
Analysis of model predictions for osteon diameter, formation patterns, and resorption dynamics under different strain magnitudes.

Main Results:

The model predicts smaller osteon diameters in regions subjected to higher mechanical loads.
The simulation accurately replicates observed 'double-ended osteons' with opposing cutting cones.
Steep strain gradients are shown to produce 'drifting osteons' via continuous resorption.

Conclusions:

Strain-induced osteocyte signaling offers a plausible mechanism for regulating osteon diameter.
The computational model successfully explains key osteon morphology variations observed in bone remodeling.