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Snakebite nephrotoxicity in Asia.

Talerngsak Kanjanabuch1, Visith Sitprija2

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Seminars in Nephrology
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
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Snakebites in Asia cause significant kidney damage, including renal failure, primarily due to hemotoxic and myotoxic venoms. Mechanisms involve direct venom toxicity and systemic effects like hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Toxicology
  • Herpetology

Background:

  • Snakebites are a major health concern in Asia, frequently leading to kidney complications.
  • Clinical renal manifestations range from proteinuria and hematuria to acute renal failure.
  • Nephropathy is commonly associated with hemotoxic or myotoxic snake venoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical and pathological aspects of snakebite-induced nephropathy.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying renal damage following snakebites.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical case studies and pathological findings related to snakebite nephropathy.
  • Analysis of venom composition and toxicological effects on renal tissue.

Main Results:

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  • Commonly implicated snakes include Russell's viper, saw-scaled viper, hump-nosed pit viper, green pit viper, and sea-snake.
  • Renal pathology includes tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis.
  • Mechanisms involve hemodynamic changes, direct nephrotoxicity from venom enzymes, hemolysis, and rhabdomyolysis.

Conclusions:

  • Snakebite-induced nephropathy is a complex condition driven by venom toxicity and systemic effects.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.