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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
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Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

Frameshifting RNA pseudoknots: structure and mechanism.

David P Giedroc1, Peter V Cornish

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA. giedroc@indiana.edu

Virus Research
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Programmed ribosomal frameshifting (-1 PRF) allows viruses to express genes. This review explores how RNA structures like pseudoknots stimulate this essential frameshifting process.

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Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers
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Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers

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Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
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Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers
06:59

Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers

Published on: August 20, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Programmed ribosomal frameshifting (-1 PRF) is a key translational recoding mechanism.
  • Many viruses, including human pathogens like HIV-1 and SARS-CoV, utilize -1 PRF for genome expression.
  • -1 PRF relies on a bipartite mRNA signal: a heptanucleotide slip site and a downstream stimulatory element (RNA pseudoknot or stem-loop).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent structural and biophysical studies of RNA pseudoknots involved in -1 PRF.
  • To contextualize these findings within the broader understanding of translation elongation.
  • To discuss the role of the downstream stimulatory element in promoting -1 PRF.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of structural and biophysical studies.
  • Analysis of the interaction between mRNA secondary structures and the ribosome.
  • Discussion of mechanistic hypotheses for -1 PRF stimulation.

Main Results:

  • The downstream stimulatory element, often an RNA pseudoknot, is positioned near the 30S ribosomal subunit's entry channel.
  • Recent studies provide insights into the structural basis of pseudoknot function in -1 PRF.
  • Evidence supports the hypothesis that the downstream element acts as a kinetic barrier to ribosome-mediated unfolding.

Conclusions:

  • The precise mechanism of downstream RNA stimulation of -1 PRF is still under investigation.
  • Structural and biophysical data are crucial for understanding translation elongation and viral genome expression.
  • The downstream stimulatory element likely plays a critical role in facilitating -1 PRF by influencing ribosome dynamics.