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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
13:04

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Coordinated evolution of the hepatitis C virus.

D S Campo1, Z Dimitrova, R J Mitchell

  • 1Molecular Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis C virus evolution is shaped by negative selection, forming a scale-free network of coordinated substitutions. This network reveals key sites impacting viral evolution, offering targets for vaccines and drugs.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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Published on: June 26, 2014

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors
16:49

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Published on: July 16, 2012

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Network Science

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a genetically diverse RNA virus causing significant global liver disease.
  • Understanding HCV's evolutionary mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments and vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of Hepatitis C virus.
  • To analyze the network structure of coordinated substitutions within the HCV polyprotein.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets based on network topology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genetic heterogeneity in Hepatitis C virus.
  • Construction and analysis of a scale-free network representing coordinated amino acid substitutions.
  • Identification of network properties like degree distribution and centrality.

Main Results:

  • HCV evolution is predominantly driven by negative selection.
  • Coordinated substitutions form a scale-free network with a power-law degree distribution.
  • Nonstructural proteins contain highly central, negatively selected sites, while structural proteins have peripheral, positively selected sites.
  • The NS4A protein was identified as a crucial node in the network.

Conclusions:

  • The complex substitution network is an emergent property of the HCV genetic system.
  • Network topology provides insights into viral evolution, vaccine design, and drug development.
  • Targeting central network components, like NS4A, may offer novel therapeutic strategies against HCV.