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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Ex Vivo Release of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide from the Trigeminovascular System in Rodents
Published on: May 16, 2022
Osteotropic effects by the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and vasoactive intestinal
1Department of Oral Cell Biology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden. ulf.lerner@odont.umu.se
Abstract:
Immunohistochemical phenotypic characterization of skeletal nerve fibers has demonstrated the expression of a restricted number of neuropeptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). According to the neuro-osteological hypothesis, such neuropeptides can be released and exert paracrine biological effects on bone cells present close to the nerve endings expressing these signaling molecules. The existence of such interplay is most convincingly shown by the hypothalamic control of bone formation, in the case of leptin stimulation of hypothalamic nuclei mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and inhibitory beta-adrenergic receptors on osteoblasts. In addition to these receptors, osteoblasts and osteoclasts express functional receptors for CGRP, SP and VIP, which can regulate both bone formation and bone resorption. The evidence for these observations is summarized in the present paper.
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