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Related Concept Videos

Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations01:17

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations

The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic acid with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of water and sodium acetate. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate constitutes a buffer whose relative concentration at different stages of the titration is indicated by the α values, which represent percentages of the weak acid and its conjugate base.
The α0 and α1 values represent the...
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Organic Solvent-Based Protein Precipitation for Robust Proteome Purification Ahead of Mass Spectrometry
11:12

Organic Solvent-Based Protein Precipitation for Robust Proteome Purification Ahead of Mass Spectrometry

Published on: February 7, 2022

Protein precipitation by caprylic acid: Equilibrium composition data.

N Bernard1, C Jolivalt, J Schwartzentruber

  • 1Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 60, Boulevard Saint Michel, 75006 Paris, France.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering
|February 20, 1996
PubMed
Summary

Fatty acid precipitation of proteins like lysozyme and albumin forms liquid-liquid equilibria, not solid precipitates. The precipitated proteins maintain high biological activity, suggesting potential for bioprocessing applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Protein Chemistry

Background:

  • Protein precipitation is crucial for purification and recovery in biopharmaceutical processes.
  • Understanding the phase behavior of protein precipitation is essential for optimizing yields and maintaining protein activity.
  • Fatty acids are known to induce protein precipitation, but the exact nature of the equilibrium is often debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the precipitation equilibria of hen egg-white lysozyme and bovine serum albumin using caprylic acid.
  • To characterize the phase diagrams and compositions of both precipitate and aqueous phases.
  • To determine if protein precipitation by fatty acids represents a solid-liquid or liquid-liquid equilibrium.

Main Methods:

  • Studying precipitation equilibria of hen egg-white lysozyme and bovine serum albumin in aqueous solutions with caprylic acid.
  • Achieving thermodynamic equilibrium and measuring the compositions of precipitate and aqueous phases.
  • Establishing phase diagrams for both protein-fatty acid systems.

Main Results:

  • A thermodynamic equilibrium was established for both lysozyme and albumin precipitation by caprylic acid.
  • The precipitate was found to be a complex mixture of protein, water, and caprylic acid, not pure protein.
  • Phase compositions were dependent only on the overall system composition at constant pH and ionic strength.
  • Protein precipitation by caprylic acid was characterized as a liquid-liquid equilibrium.

Conclusions:

  • Protein precipitation by fatty acids, such as caprylic acid, should be viewed as a liquid-liquid equilibrium.
  • The precipitated proteins, lysozyme and bovine serum albumin, retained significant biological activity.
  • These findings have implications for the design of bioseparation and purification processes.