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Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...

Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

Subviral Agents

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

Antiprotozoal Agents

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Efavirenz--still first-line king?

Brookie M Best¹, Miguel Goicoechea

¹University of California, Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0719, USA. brookie@ucsd.edu

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology

|July 16, 2008

Summary

Efavirenz remains a preferred initial HIV therapy for now. Newer agents like integrase inhibitors and second-generation NNRTIs may become preferred if long-term data confirm their efficacy and safety.

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Pharmacology
Virology

Background:

Efavirenz is a recommended non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) for initial HIV therapy.
Newer antiretroviral agents, including second-generation NNRTIs, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and CCR5 inhibitors, are now available or will be soon.

Purpose of the Study:

To review efficacy and safety data of efavirenz.
To compare efavirenz with novel antiretroviral agents and common alternatives for treatment-naive patients.

Main Methods:

Evaluation of published articles and conference presentations.
Focus on efavirenz and newer antiretroviral agents.

Main Results:

Efavirenz is currently the preferred initial therapy.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

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An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

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Longer-term studies are needed for newer agents.

Conclusions:

Efavirenz is expected to remain the preferred first-line HIV treatment in the immediate future.
Integrase inhibitors and second-generation NNRTIs may eventually replace efavirenz if long-term data support their use.