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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin, triggering...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the translocon complex.

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Fluorescence Assays for the Study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Interaction with the Immune Receptor SLAMF1
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TLR accessory molecules.

Sachiko Akashi-Takamura1, Kensuke Miyake

  • 1Division of Infectious Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Accessory molecules are crucial for Toll-like receptor (TLR) function in immunity. Understanding these molecules offers therapeutic potential for immune and infectious diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key in recognizing microbes and initiating immune responses.
  • Accessory molecules are essential for TLR signaling, cell surface regulation, and ligand modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the roles of various accessory molecules in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding TLR regulation for therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews the functions of accessory molecules associated with TLRs.
  • Categorization of accessory molecules based on their cellular localization and mechanism of action.

Main Results:

  • Accessory molecules regulate TLRs at the cell surface (e.g., MD-2, RP105) and in the endoplasmic reticulum (e.g., Unc93B, PRAT4A, gp96).

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  • Other accessory molecules directly modulate TLR ligands (e.g., CD14, CD36, HMGB1, LL37), cooperating with TLRs to induce defense mechanisms.

    • Conclusions:

    • Accessory molecules are critical regulators of TLR signaling pathways.
    • Targeting these accessory molecules presents a promising therapeutic strategy for infectious and immune disorders.