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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative
07:59

Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative

Published on: August 21, 2021

Refinement: promoting the three Rs in practice.

M H Lloyd1, B W Foden, S E Wolfensohn

  • 1Science and Research Group, Home Office, Swindon, UK. Maggie.lloyd@homeoffice.gsi.gov.uk

Laboratory Animals
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Refining scientific procedures on animals is an ongoing cycle of evaluation and improvement. Implementing these refinements benefits both animal welfare and scientific quality, preventing outdated methods and poor data.

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Area of Science:

  • Animal research ethics
  • Laboratory animal science
  • Scientific methodology

Background:

  • Refinement of scientific procedures on protected animals is a continuous, iterative process.
  • This process involves critical evaluation, objective assessment, and strategic implementation of improvements.
  • Refinements can be driven by scientific or welfare needs, often yielding benefits in both areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the iterative nature of refining scientific procedures on animals.
  • To emphasize the dual benefits of refinement for animal welfare and scientific quality.
  • To address obstacles hindering the implementation of refinement strategies.

Main Methods:

  • The study describes the cyclical process of refinement: evaluation, assessment, strategy selection, implementation, and re-evaluation.
  • It discusses the integration of refinements across various aspects of animal use, including methodology, housing, husbandry, and statistical analysis.
  • A workshop at the LASA Winter Meeting 2006 identified and explored strategies to overcome obstacles to refinement.

Main Results:

  • Refinements, whether science- or welfare-driven, consistently improve both animal welfare and the quality of scientific data.
  • Failure to actively seek and implement refinements can perpetuate outdated, invasive techniques and lead to poor scientific outcomes.
  • Obstacles to refinement implementation, whether real or perceived, necessitate coordinated approaches, scientific validation, education, and feedback.

Conclusions:

  • Refinement is a legal and ethical imperative in animal research, requiring a coordinated, ongoing process of critical appraisal.
  • Overcoming implementation barriers involves validating scientific evidence, ensuring adequate training, and improving communication.
  • Strategies identified at the workshop aim to facilitate the broader implementation of beneficial refinements in biomedical research.