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Related Concept Videos

Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Synthesis of Cationized Magnetoferritin for Ultra-fast Magnetization of Cells
10:23

Synthesis of Cationized Magnetoferritin for Ultra-fast Magnetization of Cells

Published on: December 13, 2016

Cobalt(II) citrate cubane single-molecule magnet.

Kyle W Galloway1, Alexander M Whyte, Wolfgang Wernsdorfer

  • 1WestCHEM, Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.

Inorganic Chemistry
|July 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a new cobalt(II) citrate cubane that acts as a single-molecule magnet. This molecule exhibits temperature-dependent magnetic properties and quantum tunneling of magnetization.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Magnetism
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) are crucial for developing advanced magnetic storage devices.
  • Cobalt(II) complexes are promising candidates for SMMs due to their magnetic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the magnetic properties of a novel cobalt(II) citrate cubane complex.
  • To determine if the compound exhibits single-molecule magnet behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of the [C(NH 2) 3] 8{Co 4(cit) 4}.4H 2O complex.
  • AC magnetic susceptibility measurements.
  • Magnetization hysteresis loop analysis at varying temperatures and sweep rates.

Main Results:

  • The cobalt(II) citrate cubane was identified as a new single-molecule magnet.
  • An energy barrier to magnetization reorientation (ΔE/kB = 21 K) and relaxation time (τ0 = 8 x 10^-7 s) were determined.
  • Frequency-dependent peaks in AC susceptibility and temperature/sweep rate-dependent hysteresis loops were observed.

Conclusions:

  • The compound exhibits slow magnetic relaxation characteristic of SMMs.
  • Fast quantum tunneling of magnetization (QTM) leads to hysteresis loop collapse at zero field.
  • This cobalt(II) cubane represents a promising new material for molecular magnetism applications.