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Related Concept Videos

Cancer02:18

Cancer

Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
What is Cancer?02:12

What is Cancer?

Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
Although people have known about cancer for centuries, it was only in 1761 that Giovanni Morgagni of Padua performed a detailed autopsy of patients who died from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Coculture System with an Organotypic Brain Slice and 3D Spheroid of Carcinoma Cells
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Coculture System with an Organotypic Brain Slice and 3D Spheroid of Carcinoma Cells

Published on: October 9, 2013

On carcinomas and other pathological entities.

Barry Smith1, Anand Kumar, Werner Ceusters

  • 1Ifomis University of Saarbröcken Germany.

Comparative and Functional Genomics
|July 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a formal ontology for pathological continuant entities, like tumors and fractures, to improve biomedical data integration. The approach enhances automated reasoning for understanding how diseases transform anatomical structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical ontologies
  • Pathology
  • Medical informatics

Background:

  • Pathological conditions such as tumors, abscesses, cysts, scars, and fractures represent pathological continuant entities.
  • These entities transform normal anatomical structures into pathological ones, e.g., a fractured tibia or a carcinomatous colon.
  • Previous work established formal definitions for relations like is_a, part_of, and transformation_of to integrate biomedical ontologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the formal ontology approach to encompass the treatment of pathologies.
  • To focus specifically on pathological continuant entities arising from carcinomas affecting organs.
  • To facilitate enhanced automated reasoning in biomedical research through improved ontology integration.

Main Methods:

  • Development of formal definitions for relations within biomedical ontologies.
  • Application of these definitions to model pathological continuant entities and their transformations.
  • Focus on carcinomas as a specific case study for pathological transformations.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the potential for integrating ontologies through formal relation definitions.
  • Extended the ontological framework to include pathological entities and their impact on anatomy.
  • Provided a foundation for automated reasoning concerning carcinoma-related pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • The formal ontology approach facilitates the integration of biomedical data concerning pathological conditions.
  • This framework supports advanced automated reasoning for understanding disease transformations.
  • The study offers a robust model for representing and analyzing pathologies, particularly carcinomas.