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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods

Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods

Published on: September 14, 2017

Zinc oxide: A case study in contemporary computational solid state chemistry.

C Richard A Catlow¹, Samuel A French, Alexey A Sokol

¹Department of Chemistry, University College London, 3rd Floor, Kathleen Lonsdale Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.

Journal of Computational Chemistry

|July 17, 2008

Summary

Computational methods reveal zinc oxide's properties. Studies explore its structure, thermodynamics, surfaces, and defects, including nano-particulate forms.

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Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application

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Published on: October 3, 2015

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods

Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods

Published on: September 14, 2017

Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application

Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application

Published on: October 3, 2015

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Computational Chemistry
Solid State Physics

Background:

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a versatile semiconductor with applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and catalysis.
Understanding ZnO's properties at the atomic and nanoscale is crucial for optimizing its performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To computationally investigate the diverse chemical and physical characteristics of zinc oxide.
To explore structural, thermodynamic, surface, and defect properties of ZnO using advanced simulation techniques.

Main Methods:

Application of computational techniques, including interatomic-potential (IP) and density functional theory (DFT) methods.
Survey of the structural configurations and energy landscapes of nano-particulate zinc oxide.

Main Results:

Detailed characterization of ZnO's structural, thermodynamic, surface, and defect properties.
Identification of stable structures and energy profiles for various nano-sized ZnO particles.

Conclusions:

Computational simulations provide valuable insights into the fundamental properties of zinc oxide.
The findings aid in the rational design and application of ZnO-based materials.