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Related Concept Videos

Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Lagrange Multipliers: Problem Solving01:30

Lagrange Multipliers: Problem Solving

A silo with a cylindrical base, flat bottom, and hemispherical roof is a common design in agricultural and industrial storage due to its structural efficiency and ease of construction. Optimizing its dimensions to maximize storage capacity for a given amount of material—i.e., a fixed surface area—is a classic problem in applied calculus and engineering design. The key parameters are the radius r of the base and the height h of the cylindrical section.The total volume of the silo is obtained by...

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Related Experiment Videos

Decentralized learning in Markov games.

Peter Vrancx1, Katja Verbeeck, Ann Nowé

  • 1Computational Modeling Laboratory (COMO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.

IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Part B, Cybernetics : a Publication of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society
|July 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Decentralized learning automata (LA) can now control Markov games, extending their use in multiagent reinforcement learning. This algorithm converges to a pure equilibrium point for agent policies under ergodic assumptions.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Machine Learning
  • Game Theory

Background:

  • Learning automata (LA) are effective for multiagent reinforcement learning.
  • LA theory enables decentralized control of Markov chains with unknown parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Extend LA control algorithms to Markov games.
  • Analyze convergence properties in a multiagent setting.

Main Methods:

  • Adaptation of decentralized independent LA algorithms.
  • Application to Markov games, an extension of Markov decision problems.
  • Analysis under ergodic assumptions.

Main Results:

  • The extended algorithm successfully controls Markov games.
  • Convergence to a pure equilibrium point is demonstrated.
  • Validation of LA theory's applicability to more complex scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • LA provide a robust framework for multiagent reinforcement learning in Markov games.
  • The proposed extension maintains theoretical guarantees of convergence.
  • This work expands the utility of LA in distributed decision-making problems.