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Atomic Force Microscopy of Red-Light Photoreceptors Using PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Property Mapping

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Synthetic Studies in Phytochrome Chemistry.

Peter A Jacobi¹, Imad M Adel Odeh, Subhas C Buddhu

¹Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.

Synlett : Accounts and Rapid Communications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry

|July 18, 2008

Summary

Researchers synthesized phytochromobilin, a key chromophore in plant photomorphogenesis. This work provides enantioselective routes and labeled compounds to study phytochrome

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Area of Science:

* Organic Chemistry
* Plant Biology
* Biochemistry

Background:

* Phytochrome (1) is a plant protein that regulates photomorphogenesis.
* Its biological activity relies on a linear tetrapyrrole chromophore.
* Understanding chromophore synthesis and function is crucial for plant science.

Purpose of the Study:

* To develop synthetic strategies for the parent chromophore of phytochrome.
* To achieve enantioselective synthesis of phytochromobilin (4).
* To create isotopically labeled phytochromobilin for mechanistic studies.

Main Methods:

* Multi-step organic synthesis.
* Enantioselective synthesis techniques.
* In vitro reaction with recombinant phytochrome apoprotein.

Main Results:

* Successful synthesis of phytochromobilin enantiomers (2R- and 2S-).
* Preparation of (13)C-labeled phytochromobilin derivatives.
* In vitro reconstitution yielded a chromophore identical to natural phytochrome.

Conclusions:

* Established enantioselective synthetic routes to phytochromobilin.
* Developed tools for investigating the Z,E-isomerization mechanism in phytochrome.
* Demonstrated successful in vitro assembly of functional phytochrome chromophore.