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Related Concept Videos

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...
Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

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Protein Crystallization for X-ray Crystallography
09:27

Protein Crystallization for X-ray Crystallography

Published on: January 16, 2011

Initial protein concentration effects on precipitation by salt.

K S Shiau1, T L Chen

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 70101, Republic of China.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering
|January 20, 1997
PubMed
Summary

Initial protein concentration significantly impacts salting-out precipitation performance. Higher concentrations can improve protein recovery by reducing supernatant volume, with solubility peaking at an optimal initial concentration.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Protein Chemistry
  • Separation Science

Background:

  • Salting-out precipitation is a common method for protein purification.
  • Understanding factors influencing precipitation efficiency is crucial for optimizing recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of initial protein concentration on salting-out precipitation performance.
  • To elucidate the relationship between protein solubility and initial protein concentration during precipitation.

Main Methods:

  • Precipitation of bovine albumin using ammonium sulfate.
  • Analysis of protein solubility across varying initial protein concentrations and salt concentrations.

Main Results:

  • A solubility peak was observed, where protein solubility initially increases then decreases with rising initial protein concentration.
  • Higher salt concentrations reduced the impact of initial protein concentration on solubility.
  • The observed solubility behavior is potentially representative of various proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The initial protein concentration is a critical parameter affecting salting-out precipitation.
  • The formation of primary particles may explain the observed solubility peak.
  • Increased initial protein concentration enhances protein recovery by minimizing supernatant volume.