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Related Concept Videos

Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
Stringent Response in E. coli01:23

Stringent Response in E. coli

Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...
Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
11:31

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Published on: June 30, 2016

Riboswitches in eubacteria sense the second messenger cyclic di-GMP.

N Sudarsan1, E R Lee, Z Weinberg

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (di-GMP) acts as a bacterial second messenger. Researchers discovered di-GMP is sensed by mRNA riboswitches, revealing mechanisms for regulating bacterial gene expression.

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Identifying the Binding Proteins of Small Ligands with the Differential Radial Capillary Action of Ligand Assay (DRaCALA)
09:26

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Published on: March 19, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Bacterial molecular biology
  • RNA biology
  • Gene regulation

Background:

  • Cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (di-GMP) is a crucial bacterial second messenger.
  • di-GMP regulates vital cellular processes like motility, biofilm formation, and virulence.
  • The precise mechanisms of di-GMP-mediated gene regulation were previously unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which cyclic di-GMP regulates bacterial gene expression.
  • To identify the specific RNA structures involved in di-GMP sensing.
  • To characterize the scope and diversity of di-GMP-responsive gene networks.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis to identify conserved RNA structures.
  • Comparative genomics to detect potential di-GMP riboswitches across bacterial species.
  • Analysis of gene expression data associated with identified riboswitches.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a novel class of riboswitches that directly bind cyclic di-GMP (di-GMP).
  • Identification of diverse di-GMP-regulated gene networks, termed regulons.
  • These regulons encompass genes involved in virulence, motility (flagella), and biofilm lifestyles.
  • Evidence suggests these riboswitches may also be present in bacteriophages.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclic di-GMP riboswitches represent a widespread mechanism for post-transcriptional gene regulation in bacteria.
  • This discovery provides a mechanistic understanding of how di-GMP controls fundamental bacterial processes.
  • The presence of these elements in phages opens new avenues for research into viral-bacterial interactions.