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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
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Akt and mRNA translation by interferons.

Surinder Kaur1, Efstratios Katsoulidis, Leonidas C Platanias

  • 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|July 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Interferon (IFN) signaling activates antiviral and antitumor responses. Emerging evidence highlights Akt

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Interferons (IFNs) exhibit crucial antiviral and antitumor properties.
  • IFN signaling involves Jak-Stat pathways, regulating gene transcription.
  • Mechanisms controlling mRNA translation of IFN-sensitive genes remain under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of Akt in interferon signaling.
  • To emphasize Akt's function in mRNA translation of IFN-sensitive genes.
  • To discuss the implications for understanding the Akt pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of accumulating evidence.
  • Focus on Akt's regulatory effects on mTOR.
  • Analysis of Akt's integration in Type I and II IFN signaling.

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High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
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Published on: March 24, 2015

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Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;
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10:00

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Published on: March 24, 2015

Main Results:

  • Emerging evidence implicates mTOR and its effectors in IFN responses.
  • Akt acts as a central integrator in Type I and II IFN signaling via mTOR.
  • Akt plays a key role in regulating mRNA translation of IFN-sensitive genes.

Conclusions:

  • Akt is crucial for IFN-mediated antiviral and antitumor responses.
  • Akt's role in mRNA translation is essential for IFN-sensitive gene expression.
  • Understanding Akt's function refines the perception of the Akt pathway in immunity.