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Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide
07:13

Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide

Published on: November 29, 2024

Orienteers with poor colour vision require more than cunning running.

Jennifer A Long1, Barbara M Junghans

  • 1School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Clinical & Experimental Optometry
|July 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Orienteering map colors can confuse individuals with color vision deficiencies, potentially disadvantaging them. The International Orienteering Foundation (IOF) should revise map color standards or use redundant coding for better inclusivity.

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A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision
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A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

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Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide
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A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision
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Published on: February 11, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Human Vision
  • Cartography

Background:

  • Orienteering maps use detailed color coding for navigation and terrain representation.
  • International Orienteering Foundation (IOF) standards aim to prevent confusion for color vision deficient individuals.
  • Anecdotal evidence suggests problems persist for some orienteers with color vision defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To objectively assess the International Orienteering Foundation (IOF) standard colors for potential confusion among individuals with color vision deficiencies.
  • To evaluate the conformity of colors on actual orienteering maps to the IOF standards.

Main Methods:

  • Spectrophotometry was used to measure chromaticity coordinates and reflectance of IOF standard colors.
  • Colors from two competition orienteering maps were also analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Four pairs of IOF standard colors are confusable for protan observers, and four for deutan observers.
  • Competition maps showed color pairs confusable by both protan and deutan observers, and some colors deviated from IOF standards.

Conclusions:

  • Severe color vision deficiencies can disadvantage orienteers due to map color confusion.
  • The IOF should consider alternative colors or redundant coding (patterns/textures).
  • Improved quality control is needed to ensure competition map colors adhere to IOF standards.