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Related Concept Videos

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
Several...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation
16:02

Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation

Published on: February 10, 2023

Predicting possible zonisamide hypersensitivity syndrome.

Manuela G Neuman1, Neil H Shear, Izabella M Malkiewicz

  • 1In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology Laboratory, MaRS Discovery Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. manuela.neuman@utoronto.ca

Experimental Dermatology
|July 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypersensitivity reactions to zonisamide (ZNS) may cross-react with sulphamethoxazole (SMX). The lymphocyte toxicity assay (LTA) can predict ZNS hypersensitivity reactions in SMX-sensitive individuals.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation
16:02

Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation

Published on: February 10, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Toxicology

Background:

  • Zonisamide (ZNS) is an anticonvulsant (AC) with a sulpha moiety, posing a risk for hypersensitivity syndrome reactions (HSR).
  • The lymphocyte toxicity assay (LTA) is an in vitro test assessing drug metabolite detoxification capacity, previously validated for SMX and AC.
  • Understanding cross-reactivity and predictive markers for ZNS-HSR is crucial for patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential cross-reactivity between ZNS, other ACs, and sulphonamides in patients experiencing HSR.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of the LTA in predicting ZNS-induced HSR.
  • To explore age-related differences in ZNS-induced HSR.

Main Methods:

  • Forty adult patients with clinical HSR to SMX (20) or AC (20) were enrolled, with equal representation of individuals above and below 60 years.
  • Lymphocyte toxicity assays (LTA-SMX, LTA-AC, LTA-ZNS) were performed and compared between patients with and without drug reactions.
  • Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to determine statistical significance.

Main Results:

  • In vitro LTA results demonstrated a significant correlation with clinical diagnoses, showing a P < 0.0001 difference between control and hypersensitive groups.
  • Patients with SMX-HSR showed cross-reactivity to ZNS, with severe reactions noted in a single patient per age group who tested positive for both SMX and ZNS.
  • AC-HSR patients did not exhibit cross-reactivity to ZNS.

Conclusions:

  • Cross-reactivity between sulphamethoxazole-HSR and ZNS-HSR is possible, whereas AC-HSR does not appear to cross-react with ZNS.
  • The LTA is a recommended tool for predicting potential ZNS reactions in individuals with a history of SMX sensitivity.
  • Early identification of patients at risk for ZNS-HSR can guide clinical management and prevent adverse events.