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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Adherens Junctions01:24

Adherens Junctions

Strong contact points between adjacent cells anchor them to each other, forming tissues. Such anchoring junctions are of two types –  adherens junctions and desmosomes. Adherens junctions are abundant in tissues such as  epithelium and endothelium, forming a continuous zone of adhesion called the adhesion belt. In other tissues, such as  heart muscle, they appear as clusters, linking the cells to produce coordinated heart muscle contraction.
Adherens Junctions are Dynamic
The endothelial cells...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Virus entry and innate immune activation.

M K Isaacson1, L K Juckem, T Compton

  • 1McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|July 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) uses diverse cellular entry pathways, often varying by cell type. Virus entry triggers a rapid innate immune response, involving pattern recognition receptors like Toll-like receptors.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
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Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1β in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells
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Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1β in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells

Published on: May 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Virology and Immunology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects a wide range of cell types and organ systems.
  • Identifying specific cellular entry receptors for HCMV has been challenging due to variable tropism.
  • HCMV entry mechanisms, including receptor use and pathways, are hypothesized to differ across cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on HCMV cellular entry mediators.
  • To address challenges in definitively identifying HCMV entry receptors.
  • To examine the coordination between HCMV entry events and innate immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific data on HCMV cellular entry.
  • Analysis of studies investigating HCMV receptor utilization and entry pathways.
  • Review of research on innate immune responses triggered by HCMV entry.

Main Results:

  • HCMV exhibits broad cellular tropism, but definitive entry receptor identification remains difficult.
  • Evidence suggests cell-type-specific variations in HCMV receptor usage, glycoproteins, and entry routes.
  • HCMV entry is closely linked to the rapid induction of innate immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding HCMV entry mediators requires addressing cell-type-specific mechanisms.
  • Pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, play a key role in initiating innate immunity upon HCMV entry.
  • HCMV entry events are tightly integrated with the initiation of innate immune signaling pathways.