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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

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[Diabetes, pregnancy and birth defects].

Jazmín Arteaga¹, Leonora Luna, Osvaldo M Mutchinick

¹Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F.

Revista De Investigacion Clinica; Organo Del Hospital De Enfermedades De La Nutricion

|July 22, 2008

Summary

Diabetic pregnancies show a higher risk of congenital malformations (CM), including cleft palate, limb reduction defects, and microcephaly. Improved maternal glycemic control is crucial for preventing these adverse outcomes in children of diabetic mothers (CDM).

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Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Pediatrics
Genetics and Developmental Biology

Context:

Diabetes mellitus affects 3-10% of pregnant women globally.
Congenital malformations (CM) occur in 5.5-10% of infants born to diabetic mothers, contributing to significant neonatal mortality.
Mexican population exhibits a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus.

Purpose:

To determine the frequency and types of congenital malformations in livebirths of diabetic mothers in Mexico.
To compare the incidence of specific CM in infants of diabetic mothers versus the general population.
To analyze maternal and neonatal variables in relation to maternal diabetes.

Summary:

A study of 314 infants of diabetic mothers (314 CDM) identified 234 with CM.
Significantly higher frequencies of cleft palate (CP), limb reduction defects (LRD), and microcephaly (MIC) were observed in CDM.
CDM also showed increased rates of macrosomia, preterm birth, and cesarean delivery compared to controls.

Impact:

Confirms increased risk of specific CM in infants of diabetic mothers.
Highlights the higher incidence of pregnancy and delivery complications in diabetic pregnancies.
Underscores the critical need for pre-gestational and gestational glycemic control in diabetic pregnancies, especially in high-prevalence populations.