An update on reproduction in yak and mithun

Yak and mithun are two domesticated herbivores of high economic importance to the farming community living in highlands. Improved yak and mithun production could significantly enhance the living standards of these highlanders. Over the years, their dwindling numbers have been a cause of serious concern. In view of the lack of knowledge on the reproductive physiology of these ruminants, studies have been undertaken to investigate their reproductive endocrinology in recent years. This paper attempts to present the latest information on the endocrine changes associated with their various reproductive processes viz. growth and puberty, oestrous cyclicity and oestrous behaviour, ovulation, and, pregnancy and parturition. The paper also provides the recent developments on research done towards the enhancement of yak and mithun reproductive efficiencies through endocrine and embryo biotechniques.