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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Cloning of Dolly the Sheep01:08

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual,  the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter telomeres than other...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning
04:36

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

Published on: December 19, 2025

Somatic cell nuclear transfer in horses.

Cesare Galli1, Irina Lagutina, Roberto Duchi

  • 1Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, CIZ srl, Cremona, Italy. cesaregalli@ltrciz.it

Reproduction in Domestic Animals = Zuchthygiene
|July 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Equid cloning is now a reproducible technique, enabling the preservation of valuable genetics. This method allows for the creation of offspring from elite horses, including castrated champions, which would otherwise be impossible.

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Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte
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Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Published on: April 26, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning
04:36

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

Published on: December 19, 2025

Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte
06:15

Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

Published on: July 6, 2022

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
09:52

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Published on: April 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Animal cloning
  • Equine science

Background:

  • Equid cloning lagged behind other species due to underdeveloped assisted reproductive techniques.
  • Classical reproductive methods like oocyte maturation and in vitro embryo production were essential for successful equine cloning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the technical procedures for cloning equids.
  • To summarize the current status of equine cloning technology.

Main Methods:

  • Competent oocyte maturation.
  • Oocyte enucleation and reconstruction (zona-enclosed or zona-free).
  • Efficient activation for high cleavage rates and suitable in vitro embryo culture.

Main Results:

  • The first equid clone (a mule) used in vivo-matured oocytes and immediate embryo transfer.
  • The first horse clone utilized a complete in vitro procedure from oocyte maturation to blastocyst stage.
  • Subsequent equine cloning studies report high efficiency compared to other species.

Conclusions:

  • Cloned equid offspring appear normal and fertile upon reaching puberty.
  • Equine cloning is a reproducible technique for genetic preservation.
  • It enables the generation of offspring from valuable horses, including castrated champions.