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Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren syndrome.
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands

Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are small, coiled tubular structures located in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin. Sweat glands are responsible for producing and secreting sweat, a watery fluid that helps regulate body temperature and excrete waste products.
Sweat glands are classified as merocrine glands; that is, the secretions are excreted by exocytosis through a duct without affecting the cells of the gland. There...

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Related Experiment Video

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Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
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Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

Hyperhidrosis and botulinum toxin: expanding horizons.

Warren R Heymann

    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
    |July 22, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    Dialogues in Dermatology offers monthly audio discussions on current dermatologic topics, featuring expert insights from the American Academy of Dermatology. Editor-in-Chief Warren R. Heymann, MD, provides summaries for Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology readers.

    Area of Science:

    • Dermatology
    • Medical Education

    Background:

    • The American Academy of Dermatology produces 'Dialogues in Dermatology,' a monthly audio program.
    • This program features discussions among dermatologists on relevant and timely subjects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide accessible summaries of key dermatological discussions.
    • To serve as a supplementary educational resource for readers of the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

    Main Methods:

    • Audio discussions on current dermatological topics.
    • Commentaries provided by the Dialogues Editor-in-Chief, Warren R. Heymann, MD.
    • Summaries are presented after each discussion.

    Main Results:

    • Expert dermatologists engage in discussions on timely topics.

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    Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
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    Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

    Published on: March 3, 2014

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    Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
    07:05

    Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

    Published on: November 9, 2016

    Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
    12:25

    Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

    Published on: March 3, 2014

  • Editor-in-Chief provides concise topic summaries.
  • Content is made available as a special service.

    • Conclusions:

    • 'Dialogues in Dermatology' enhances reader understanding of current dermatological issues.
    • The program serves as a valuable, accessible learning tool for dermatologists.
    • This initiative bridges audio learning with published medical literature.