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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
The Arch of Aorta01:10

The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
14:58

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

Dural arteriovenous malformation causing brainstem haemorrhage.

J Brennan, M K Morgan

    Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
    |July 1, 1995
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Dural arteriovenous malformations, especially tentorial ones, pose significant hemorrhage risks. Angiography is crucial for diagnosis, even with negative internal and vertebral circulation scans, to rule out external carotid sources.

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    10:34

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    Published on: August 30, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Neurosurgery
    • Vascular Neurology

    Background:

    • Dural arteriovenous malformations (dAVMs) are abnormal connections between dura mater arteries and veins.
    • While often asymptomatic, some dAVMs can lead to serious complications like hemorrhage.
    • Tentorial dAVMs, located at the base of the brain's dura, present unique diagnostic challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the potential dangers of dural arteriovenous malformations, particularly those with cortical venous drainage.
    • To emphasize that tentorial arteriovenous malformations should not be presumed benign without diagnostic angiography.
    • To underscore the necessity of a comprehensive angiographic evaluation, including external carotid circulation, for definitive diagnosis.

    Main Methods:

    • Case report of a 40-year-old male patient presenting with brainstem hemorrhage.
    • Detailed review of the patient's clinical presentation and diagnostic imaging.
    • Analysis of the arteriovenous malformation's location and drainage patterns.

    Main Results:

    • The patient experienced a brainstem hemorrhage attributed to an arteriovenous malformation in the tentorial incisura.
    • The case illustrates the critical importance of considering cortical venous drainage in assessing dAVM risk.
    • Angiography revealed the arteriovenous malformation was only evident when the external carotid circulation was assessed.

    Conclusions:

    • Dural arteriovenous malformations with cortical venous drainage carry a substantial risk of hemorrhage.
    • Tentorial arteriovenous malformations require thorough angiographic investigation to exclude hemorrhage risk.
    • A negative angiography for arteriovenous malformation is confirmed only after evaluating internal carotid, vertebral, and external carotid circulations.