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Related Concept Videos

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Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Hashimoto's encephalopathy.

C M Sue1, V Fung, J P Halpern

  • 1Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
|January 1, 1997
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy can cause confusion and neurological symptoms, even in euthyroid patients. Testing thyroid antibodies and considering biopsy are crucial for diagnosing this treatable neurological disorder.

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Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hashimoto's encephalopathy is a rare neurological complication associated with autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • Patients may present with diverse neurological symptoms, including confusion and altered consciousness.
  • Thyroid function tests can be normal, complicating diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of Hashimoto's encephalopathy in a euthyroid patient.
  • To highlight the importance of investigating thyroid autoimmunity in unexplained encephalopathy.
  • To emphasize the diagnostic utility of thyroid antibodies and biopsy.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 59-year-old female.
  • Clinical assessment including neurological examination.
  • Laboratory tests: thyroid function tests, antithyroid antibodies.
  • Thyroid biopsy for confirmation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with subacute confusion, depressed consciousness, tremor, and pyramidal signs.
  • Antithyroid antibodies were elevated despite normal thyroid function (euthyroid state).
  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis was confirmed histopathologically.
  • Spontaneous remission of neurological symptoms occurred.

Conclusions:

  • Hashimoto's encephalopathy should be considered in unexplained subacute encephalopathy, irrespective of thyroid function.
  • Elevated antithyroid antibodies and/or thyroid biopsy are essential for diagnosis.
  • Early diagnosis and management can lead to favorable outcomes.